Development of Sustainable Dwellings in Wales

Development of Sustainable Dwellings in Wales This study focuses on the development of a sustainable retrofit plan for a typical dwelling in Wales. There are two parts that have been discussed in this report. The first section is a full development plan to reduce the fuel cost with a budget of  £30K and the second is a calculation of carbon footprint of a building element (wall insulation materials). The project was predicted to achieve 70% reductions in CO2 emissions for a cost of some  £26K.Furthermore, the energy cost would be reduced by 85% if the development plan was implemented in full. Stepwise approach has been used to measure the performance. Replacing the heating system and adding more insulation for the roof, walls and floor are considered the significant improvement of the project with reasonable payback periods. The embodied CO2 emission for three different insulation materials has been calculated. Rockwool has the lowest rate 833 kg co2e compared to 875, 1737 to the Sheeps wool and Expanded Polystyrene respectivel 1.1 Background 1.1.1 Introduction: Indeed, there is a huge pressure on governments to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. Paris agreement, is a recent agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, was agreed to keep the global warming below 2 °C (1). British government aims to have an 80% reduction by 2050. This means a huge improvement is needed in energy efficiency of our existing dwelling. The recent report shows that over 45% of total greenhouse emissions were emitted from dwelling building (2).The domestic sector accounted for 29 % of the total energy consumption in 2015(3).Furthermore, residential was ranked the fourth in the amount of greenhouse gas emission according to national statistics(4) the figure below show the greenhouse gas emission by different sectors. Figure (1) Greenhouse gas emission by sector (DECC), UK, 2014 1.1.2 The property: This house was built in 1930s and has three bedrooms with South-West facing and located in Wales. The external walls are cavity wall with plaster but without any insulation, the floor has no insulation, the roof is slate tiles with 50mm insulation between the rafters. The windows are double glazed, with a 6mm air gap, PVC frames and with U value of 2.8.The doors are also PVC frame with U value of 2.8. The heating system is an old mains gas boiler with 65% efficiency, the capacity of hot water tank 120 litre. 1.1.3 Performance prior to refurbishment: This house has a SAP rating of 45, below the national average of 48 and therefore there is a need to improve its performance to achieve 80 % of reduction in emissions as well as the annual fuel cost. This could be achieved by reducing the heat loss through the walls, floor, roof as well as windows and doors. 1.2 Development plan There are two factors that are set to dramatically transform the way in which building was designed and fabricated in the early twenty-first century-insulation and energy. There is a need to maximise the insulation levels of the buildings while at the same time rethinking the ways in which building consumes the energy needed to run them. Step 1: Upgrading the heating system : Modern boilers are more efficient because they burn the fuel very efficiently. The fuel type also has a direct impact on reducing the fuel bill as well as carbon emissions. The condensing gas boiler (90% efficacy) with room thermostat is the best choice in this matter. Step 2: Insulating the roof, floor and walls: The challenge in adding insulation levels in domestics is to choose the right materials that fit for purpose. Understanding the properties of the materials and when it is suited to fitting in the attic space is essential. Moreover, price, fire safety, chemicals involved and end of life should also be considered when choosing the material (5). -Floor: Phenolic foam insulation would offer the best performance of any readily available panel (6). It also has less impact on room size where dry-lining is considered. Kingspans Kooltherm phenolic is the good option for floors. The designed U value for floor is 0.2 W/m2K. -Cavity wall insulation: Filling the cavity gap between the inner and outer blocks with appropriate insulation material has been considered. However, it is highly likely that insulating the cavity alone will not be enough to achieve the required U-values. For this reason, adding internal or external insulation should also be concerned to achieve the targeted U-value. The designed u value for injected insulation with external wall insulation (Rockwool) is 0.49 (W/m2K). -Roofs: mineral wool insulation is highly recommended for roof insulation, 160 mm is added between rafters and 100 mm below them. The designed U value in this case is 0.15 (W/m2K). Step 3: Minimising infiltration (disuse chimneys, draught proofing). Ventilation is needed in traditional buildings to help the fabric breathe. Chimneys would have contributed greatly to the ventilation rate, so it is advised, in some cases, that chimneys could to be left open to allow natural ventilation. However, disused chimney, if left fully open, will often cause more heat loss. It also can let water in, if it is uncapped. Some methods can be recommended: CAPS: a cap at the top of a chimney will prevent water ingress but allow through ventilation. However, caps can cause huge damage and be very dangerous if they blow off in case of windy weather. Balloons: is the quickest and cheapest way to close of a flue that is not being used, but it is awkward and dirty when removing and reinstalling them in place. Step 4: Reducing the energy consumption for lighting (LED). LED lighting is extremely energy efficient technology and has changed the future of lighting worldwide. The residential LED lighting use less 70% energy and last 25 times longer life (7). The value of lighting gain in the SAP calculation (67) was reduced by 70% of the original value. Step 5: Installing renewable sources (PV panel). The solar photovoltaic (PV) has many advantages that a householder can benefit from. The main benefit is to cut electricity bill as well as sell the left over electricity to the grid. Not to mention, the sunlight is free and that means nearly zero carbon footprint (8). It is advised the Monocrystalline system with 20% efficiency is required to generate around 2700kWh annually. This system requires 21 square meter roof space and makes saving around 12p/kWh from electricity bill. However, if a householder doesnt use the electricity produced, exported to grid or store it in batteries are the only two options available. The storage technology has been ignored because the cost and complexity with installing at dwelling. The exported tariff is 3.1 p/kWh, but this figure could be ignored as the power generated by the system would be absorbed by the site demand. Step 6: UPVC triple glazing windows The huge heating loss in domestics occurs through windows. There is a growing range in this area to improve the thermal performance of this element. Triple glazing is the best options that could be considered to achieve the reduction target. This element has an excellent U-value (one or less) which provide a decrease in energy consumption as well as reducing CO2 emissions. Step 7: UPVC high efficient door It is suggested that the original doors on the property, with a U-value of 2.8 W/m2.K, should be replaced with a high performance triple glazed door, reducing the U-value of the surface by 65%. 1.3 Alternatives options Other systems were also considered but rejected due to the cost-effectiveness as well as the project size. For example: Mechanical ventilation with heat recovery (MVHR): is widely used for highly energy efficient buildings in the UK. However, the complexity to install and the high capital cost, the system was ignored. Under floor heating: is a modern technology that allows the householder to enjoy the luxury of the warm floor during the winter. In other hand, under floor system is pricey to install in retrofit house and more difficult to maintain if any problem occurs. Wind turbine: roof-mounted and freestanding mast wind turbines are two types that can be installed in the project. The micro wind turbine was rejected because the space limitation, the turbine noise and save the birds in the local area. 1.4 Analysis and evaluation SAP rating: the graph (1) illustrates the improvement of the SAP rating though the development plan. It is clearly seen that the property has been developed from 45.65 to over 90 and that means the house can achieve band B in the EPC. CO2 emissions rate: As it can be seen from the graph (2) below, a significant decrease in CO2 emissions though the development plan. The house would benefit of 70% reduction on CO2 emissions as the plan reduced CO2 emissions rate from 71.35 to below 22.77. Energy cost: The annual fuel cost has been reduced from  £1354 to below  £200 as graph (3) indicates. A reduction of 85% of annual energy bill will be achieved if the designed plan is implemented. The projects budget was  £30K; however, the full money spent in this plan is around  £26K. The simple payback method has been used for financial evaluation. The full plan will require 20 years to recover the cost of the project. The plan is designed in stepwise to achieve higher performance as well as keep the cost low as much as possible. The graph (4) shows that SAP rating improvement against the cost for each step. Replacing windows and doors would cost over  £7000 and  £1000 respectively; with having longer payback periods (graph 5), that took them to the end of the list. Note: Full data can be found in the appendix (table 3). Graph (1) SAP rating during the development plan Graph (2) CO2 emissions rate through the development plan Graph (3) Annual energy cost through the development plan Graph (4) SAP improvement vs. Cost Graph (5) Simple payback calculation for development plan 1.5 Conclusion The project will benefit significantly by replacing the heating system as well as adding more insulation for the roof, floor and walls. However, replacing windows the doors have slight effect on the house performance as it costs more with less benefit. Installing photovoltaic panels will make a huge impact on the project performance. It would make saving over 55% from the energy bill if 3 KWp panel was installed. 2.1 Introduction The thermal resistance provided by insulation materials used in the building fabric means that the energy savings from insulation made during the operation of the building far outweigh its embodied environmental impacts. Also, insulation products tend to have a very low density and, therefore, when reviewed in a building context, only relatively small masses of materials are used. However, if insulations are not assessed with a whole-building life-cycle approach they may not appear to be an inherently low environmental impact material, because of the resources and energy used during manufacture, the use of blowing agents and the lack of reuse/recycling at the end of life. This study will illustrate the environmental impact of three different types of insulation; it also provides the carbon footprint calculation for the project that was refurbished in the Part 1. 2.2 Literature survey The Green guide classifies the insulation used in the construction into: Non-renewable organic-based insulation such as expanded polystyrene (EPS); this material has conductivity 0.038 W/mK, density 37 kg/m3. It is a rigid, open cell form of polystyrene blown with pentane. EPS is a thermoplastic polymer, so can be reprocessed and recycled more easily than thermoset polymers. Most process waste is recycled but there is limited recycling of postconsumer packaging. Renewable organic plant/animal-derived insulation such as Sheeps wool insulation; it has conductivity 0.039 W/mK, density 25 kg/m3. The sheeps wool that is not suitable for textiles, is used for insulation. The wool needs to be scoured, requiring energy and water, and the resulting pesticide residue from the sheet dip needs treatment. Binders and polyester fibre are required, as well as chemical treatment to prevent moth attack. Mineral wool insulation such as Rockwool; is a medium density insulation product of 45 kg/m3 and has a thermal conductivity of 0.044 W/mK. Rockwool is made of 77% virgin raw material mainly in the form of diabase, gotland stone, lime stone, cement and bauxite. The remaining 23% are classed as waste materials. End-of-life issues for insulation Many insulation types are recyclable at end of life, but do not currently have any recycling system in place for material recovered from construction, refurbishment or demolition. There is evidence that some insulation waste from construction is incorporated elsewhere within the building, rather than being sent for disposal. For most materials, the impact associated with end of life is the disposal impact measured by BRE relating to the amount of material landfilled or incinerated. The BRE methodology also includes the emissions associated with incineration and landfill, including burning of landfill gas. For renewable materials, the end-of-life stage can have a significant impact if the sequestered carbon is released back into the environment through incineration or decay in landfill. Table (1) End-of-life waste destination (reference 11) Insulation End of life waste destination (%) Landfill Incineration Recycled Expanded polystyrene (EPS): 90 9 1 Sheeps wool 100 0 0 Rockwool 40 10 50 2.3 Carbon footprint calculation The construction carbon calculator is used to determine the environmental impact for insulation materials. This tool was downloaded from the governments website (12). CO2 emissions calculation: The table below shows the total amount of co2 emissions for the three types of insulation. Table (2) Carbon footprint calculation for EPS, Sheeps wool and Rockwool Reference Unit Expanded Polystyrene Sheeps wool Rockwool Wall area m2 110 110 110 Insulation thickness Assumption m 0.1 0.1 0.1 Volume of insulation m3 11 11 11 Density Ref (13) kg/m3 37 25 45 Mass kg 407 275 495 Waste 5% Assumption kg 427.35 288.75 519.75 Carbon coefficient Ref(14) kgco2/kg 3.43 2.09 1.12 Embodied CO2 kg co2e 1465.8105 603.4875 582.12 Boundary Ref(14) cradle to gate cradle to gate cradle to grave Transport of material Manufacturer website 200 miles from Kent by road 175 miles from Liverpool by road Non Transport Embodied CO2 kg co2e 19 19 0 Waste destination Ref(11) 90% landfill 100% landfill 50% landfill Waste mass kg 366.3 275 259.875 Waste Embodied CO2 kg co2e 3.19 3.48 1.7 Transport of waste Assumption miles 100 100 100 Transport waste Embodied CO2 kg co2e 0.2 0.2 0.2 Total waste Embodied CO2 kg co2e 3.39 3.68 1.9 Energy consumed Assumption Kwh 200 200 200 Plant CO2 emissions kg co2e 119 119 119 Project duration (days) Assumption 3 3 3 Travel CO2 emissions kg co2e 130 130 130 Total kg co2e 1737.2005 875.1675 833.02 2.4 Conclusion As it can be seen from the previews calculation, the highest embodied CO2 emission is Expanded Polystyrene because of the higher carbon coefficient and end-of-life issue. For that reason EP is out of consideration. Sheeps wool is natural source, absorbing and releasing moisture without decreasing its thermal insulating properties. However, it has more CO2 emissions than Rockwool which also take it out of thought. In addition to Rockwool has less embodied CO2 emissions, it has excellent thermal insulation with more flexibility to install. Mineral wool has also superior fire resistance as well as better acoustic properties. The Paris Agreement main page (2001) Available at: http://unfccc.int/paris_agreement/items/9485.php (Accessed: 14 February 2017). DECC (2011), The Carbon Plan: Delivering Our Low Carbon Future, p.29. Department of Energy and Climate Change. Digest of United Kingdom energy statistics (DUKES). Available at: http://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/statistics/ publications/dukes. Government Statistics (no date) Available at: http://4.https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/496942/2014_Final_Emissions_Statistics_Release.pdf (Accessed: 14 February 2017). Technology Strategy Board, 2014. Reducing energy use in existing homes, a guide to making retrofit work. RETROFIT FOR THE FUTURE, 1, 15. D Pickles, I Brocklebank C Wood, 2010. ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN HISTORIC BUILDINGS: Open fires, chimneys and flues. nglish Heritage, 1, 17. LED Lighting | Department of Energy. 2017. LED Lighting | Department of Energy. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/led-lighting. [Accessed 15 February 2017]. R. Sadgrove S.Pester, 2014. Installation of photovoltaic panels on existing flat roofs some lessons learned. BRE Information Papers, IP 8/14, 7. SEI, Retrofitted Passive Homes, 2009. Retrofitted Passive Homes: Guidelines for upgrading existing dwelling in Ireland. Retrofitted Passive Homes, 1, 15. Shorrock L D and Utley J I. Domestic energy fact file 2003,BRE BR 457. Bracknell, IHS BRE Press, 2003. K Albury J Anderson , 2011. Environmental Impact Of Insulation . BRE TRUST, 2011. 10 Government Website. 2007. Construction Carbon Calculator. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/environment-agency/about/procurement. [Accessed 28 February 2017]. http://jablite.co.uk. 2016. Jablite EPS . [ONLINE] Available at: http://jablite.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Jablite-EPS.pdf. [Accessed 28 February 2017]. Sheep Wool Insulation Premium. 2016. Sheep Wool. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.sheepwoolinsulation.ie/products/premium_insulation_technical.asp. [Accessed 28 February 2017]. Prof.Hammond Jones, Prof.G and C, 2011. The Inventory of Carbon and Energy (ICE). 1st ed. UK: University of Bath Table (3) Full data of the development plan Current Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Step 7 Overall Assignment Results Current New boiler Insulated Floor Insulated walls Insulated roof Minimising infiltration LED lighting PV panel UPVC Triple glazing UPVC door Dwelling volume (m ³) 223.6 223.6 223.6 223.6 223.6 223.6 223.6 223.6 223.6 223.6 Effective air change rate 1.2261 1.2261 1.2261 1.22614 1.2261 0.66878 0.6688 0.6688 0.66878 0.668784 Ventilation type 24d 24d 24d 24d 24d 24d 24d 24d 24d 24d Fabric heat loss (W/K ) 309.66 309.66 213.77 130.25 123.37 123.37 123.37 123.37 84.28 82.28 Total fabric heat loss (W/K ) 339.06 339.06 243.17 159.65 152.77 152.77 152.77 152.77 113.68 111.68 HLP (W/m ²K ) 4.2377 4.2377 3.2917 2.46769 2.3998 1.99406 1.9941 1.9941 1.60841 1.588676 Heat gains from water heating, (kWh) 1489.6 1489.6 1489.6 1489.65 1489.6 1489.65 1489.6 1489.6 1489.65 1489.648 Average Internal gains (W) 485.09 485.09 485.09 485.085 485.09 485.085 468.49 468.49 468.494 468.4936 Average Solar gains (W) 339.96 339.96 339.96 339.956 339.96 339.956 339.96 339.96 254.967 254.9673 Mean Internal temperature (C °) 17.534 17.534 18.063 18.6402 18.695 19.0535 19.043 19.043 19.3723 19.39251 Space heating requirement in kWh2/m2/year 203.94 203.94 160.8 119.082 115.45 91.3375 92.201 92.201 72.9319 71.72854 Efficiency of main space heating system 1 (in %) 0.66 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 Efficiency of water heater 0.66 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 Fuel for water heating, kWh 4281.2 3139.5 3139.5 3139.54 3139.5 3139.54 3139.5 3139.5 3139.54 3139.544 Electricity for pumps, fans and electric keep-hot 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Electricity for lighting (calculated in Appendix L) 284.43 284.43 284.43 284.428 284.43 284.428 85.328 85.328 85.3283 85.32833 Energy saving/generation technologies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -2700 -2700 -2700 Average Fuel costs (p) 8.335 8.335 8.335 8.335 8.335 8.335 8.335 9.306 9.306 9.306 Additional standing charges 174 174 174 174 174 174 174 174 174 174 Total energy cost 1354.5 1050.7 <

An Inspector Calls 13

We don’t live alone. We are members of one body. We are responsible for each other. How does Priestly present this theme through the use of character, action and dramatic devices? ‘An Inspector Calls’ by ‘J. B Priestly’ is a post world war 2 drama set in 1912. The play is set in the industrial town of Brumley, the play is set in the front room of the Birling household. The play follows the classical unities rule where the play is set in one place, this allows future interpretations of the play to be less imaginative in where they set it, but it does mean that they can add more detail to the set as it never changes.The Birling family is a lower upper class family who have benefited from the industrial revolution. In the Birling family there are four members and one soon to be member of the Birling family; there is Mr Arthur Birling, Mrs Sybil Birling, Sheila Birling and Eric Birling. The soon to be family member is Gerald Croft. During act one they get a visit from Inspector Goole. Inspector Goole is a very secretive character who likes to keep his card close to his chest. The inspector is here to piece together events that led to a girl’s suicide; this girl is called Eva Smith.Pristley is socialist, he believes in equality between everybody; he uses the inspector as his mouthpiece for his socialist views. The Birling family have capitalist views, these are that not everyone is equal; you have to work and earn money to be successful. They are also quite a smug family, who only have interests for there own priorities. The Inspector wants to teach the Birlings about social responsibility; social responsibility is about looking after everyone is your community, not just your own interests.The play itself is set in 1912, but it was written in 1945 and first performed in 1946. This gives the audience hindsight into events that have happened in between that time. Mr Birling mentions the Titantic being ‘unsinkable, absolute ly unsinkable’, although the audience knows this isn’t true as the Titanic sank on its maiden voyage. The characters in ‘An Inspector Calls’ are very important, as they’re views and beliefs play a huge part in the story. Mr Birling is self-centred man, with only interests in money. He believes money is more important than people.He would rather sack someone instead of giving them a small pay rise, even if they were a very skilled worker, as in the case of Eva Smith. He is an avid believer in capitalism, he is a social climber, he started his business with nothing and climbed up the social ladder to where he his now. Mrs Birling is a very arrogant and snobby person; she chairs a charity called the ’Brumley Women’s Charity’. It was set up to help unprivileged women try get back on there feet if they are exceptionally poor. Although, Mrs Birling uses it as a social status to make her look like an individual that has social responsi bility.Mrs Birling is the complete opposite, she abuses her position as chair of the board, she has a big influence on the board, which she uses to turn down Eva Smiths application. She has the least respect for the Inspector of all the characters. She tries – unsuccessfully – to intimidate him and force him to leave, then lies to him when she claims that she does not recognise the photograph that he shows her. Gerald Croft is the fiance of Sheila. Gerald is the son of a very wealthy business man who is in a trade war with Mr Birling and his company.Gerald and Sheila coming together in marriage is seen as a huge gain towards a partnership between the two businesses. Gerald is in his fortys, he has views of both the older generation and the younger generation. The inspector is worried that Gerald will follow the views of the older generation. The inspector see’s the younger generation’s views as the way forward in life as the older generations views are ca pitalist and self-centred. The two younger characters in the play, Eric and Sheila Birling are seen by the inspector as a shining light of hope for the future of the family as there views are open to new ideas.Eric is seen by his parents as being venerable so they have kept him on a close watch. Eric seems  embarrassed and awkward right from the start. The fist mention of him in the script is  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Eric suddenly guffaws,†Ã‚  and then he is unable to explain his laughter, as if he is nervous about something. (It is not until the final act that we realise this must be because of his having stolen some money). Sheila is the fiancee of Gerald; she has views of the younger generation, but let her anger come over her when in the clothes shop Milwards in which Eva Smith worked in.Sheila used her famiy’s wealth to force the Milwards manager to sack Eva because Eva smirked; Sheila claimed that Eva was mocking her. Although she has probably never in her life before consider ed the conditions of the workers, she shows her  compassion immediately she hears of her father's treatment of Eva Smith:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"But these girls aren't cheap labour – they're people. † Within  the play  Ã¢â‚¬ËœAn Inspector Calls’, Priestly uses numerous dramatic devises to get across his message of moral, class and political influence.The first hints of his central themes are imposed when Priestly describes the scene and setting of the first act. An immediate perception is given off towards the audience of ‘heavily comfortable house. ’ With this being a place of constant setting, a reflection of real time and naturalism is released. The lighting prescribed for the scene also creates the mood of  the play. Priestly states within his stage directions the lighting should be ‘pink and intimate’ prior to the inspector arrives a shaded glow of rose tint then should grow ‘brighter and harder’.In context and example of th ese stage directions are as pursued. ‘The dining room of a fairly large suburban house, belonging to a prosperous manufacturer. It has good solid furniture of the period. At the moment they have all had a good dinner, are celebrating a special occasion, and are pleased with themselves’. Another devise used to enhance  the play  writer’s dramatic concepts is the use of dramatic irony. These are used when the knowledge of the audience exceeds those of the characters within  the play.This technique of dramatic irony is in attendance when Mr Birling makes self-assured conjectures about the coming war and the ship Titanic being unsinkable. For example Priestley uses techniques to expose Birling’s naivety and generation gap. Tension is also secured throughout  the play  as each character holds significant connection with the suicide victim, Eva Smith, who represents the universal populace. By making Eva a representation rather than a real character the moral of  the play  is taken more literally. The contribution from each character also produces a deeper and more involved structure towards  the play’s plot.Timing which features as a critical decisive; with stage directions of speech, movement exits, entrances and sounds. A strategic illustration of this is the arrival of the Inspector instantaneously, subsequent to Mr Birling notifying Gerald about his imminent knighthood and regards of how ‘a man has to look after himself and his own. ’ The Inspector, the true mouth piece of Priestly adds a dramatic tone. The character is directed with the use of pace and tension and presents each idea and enquiry without conjunction, by observing and exposing each statement from an individual’s account.This method slowly throws light on the core of Eva’s life and the real effect of classes on a wider population. Inspector Goole is the eponymous character in An Inspector Calls' by Priestley who has many f unctions. Primarily, he is introduced to the play to interrogate the Birling  Family  and Gerald Croft, but Priestley also uses him to move the plot forward and as a device for the writer to voice his opinion, furthermore he controls movement on stage, encourage the characters and audience to learn from their mistakes and to create moments of tension and mystery.The Inspector creates moments of tension in the play, mainly at the end of Acts One and Two where something happens and the audience is waiting for someone to confess their relation to the death. Inspector holds up a hand. We hear the front door. They wait, looking towards the door. Eric enters, looking extremely pale and distressed. He meets their inquiring stares. Curtain falls quickly. At this moment, the audience would be on the edge of their seat and because the Three Acts are continuous, this act change is just in the right place for creating a cliff-hanger.This also happens at the very end of Act one where I have quoted above, and these moments aren't just at the end of the acts, they can also be in the middle caused by a passing comment. â€Å"Naturally I don't know anything about this girl† claims Mrs Birling. Inspector â€Å"well, we'll see, Mrs Birling†. This is just a very short sentence but it gives the audience a hint of what is to come next and that Mrs Birling has a connection to the death and they just want to find out what it is. I think the Inspector is very successful in putting Priestley's point across and that he captures the audiences' attention really well with his gripping speech.The Inspector is the creator of all of the drama, tension, intrigue and mystery in the play An Inspector Calls' and he is used incredibly well to capture the audience’s attention. I think that Priestley, as well as using him as the main character in terms of development in the storyline, has really just used him to echo his own views. This is to give a rather obvious moral to t his play saying that everybody's actions affect everyone else and no one should be selfish as it could influence someone's life greatly in a chain of events. Priestlys message is still relevant as the gap between the classes is ever increasing,

What You Should Do to Find Out About Paper Writers College Before Youre Left Behind

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Ethics Theories - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1199 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? Various ethical theories can be regarded as teleological in nature in that whatever is right or wrong is dependent on a certain action or outcome. On the other hand, some theories can be deontological in that the act of doing the right or the wrong thing is solely dependent on following the set rules and undertaking a specific activity. In my thought, regardless of the fact that teleological theories can be classified under relativist while deontological as absolutist, it is not often easy given the fact that ethics mostly involves uneasy mix up. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Ethics Theories" essay for you Create order As Kant argued, individuals have to act in accordance to the dictum that they would perceive as universal laws (Hill 44). I believe that the laws are absolutist in the sense that individuals can practice them in a logical manner prior to any kind of experience given the fact that their experience does not verify them.   Additionally, it is worth noting that the cost of every action is often irrelevant to whether the acts are wrong or right as I believe that often, immoral actions at times have unintentional moral consequences as evidenced in people acting bravely without having any form of assurance that cost may turn out to be admirable. By considering the character of humans, it is evident that there is not a single character that has good qualities without some immunity. For instance, despite the fact that one can act in a sympathetic manner, he/she is still capable of doing immoral acts. Thus, one can argue that good will is the only good thing that should be deemed as the righ t thing. In my opinion, the nature of morality is under deontological since it invents some rules that have to be followed. In essence, the rules are absolutist due to the fact that they do not recognize exception. For instance, when people rely on family planning techniques, they tend to ignore God’s purpose of getting intimate. Nevertheless, the act is good as it ensures one’s healthy by for instance preventing diseases and unwanted pregnancies.   In the same way, non-consequentialist is under deontological as it embraces some deontological consent. The fact that non-consequentialist   do not deny that consequences are morally significant and still believe that some factors are also important in morally assessing actions implies that the most rationally clear understanding of deontological denotes non- consequentialist thereby implying that deontological theories includes all the views of non-consequentialist.   Consequentialism on the other hand is very different from d eontological since deontological often derives the wrong or rightness of the conduct of individuals from the portrayed character as opposed to product of the conduct. I believe that regardless of the fact that both deontological and consequentialism are theories on morals and ethics, their main difference lies in the what they both perceive an action as being either right or wrong. According to Holland (19), in consequentialism, the moral value of an action is not determined by the nature of the action but rather the reference to the consequence while in deontology, actions can be right or wrong due to their nature. While both relativism and absolutism are central concepts in ethics, it is accurate to argue that they interrelate as opposed to existing independently of each other. This can be evidenced by the fact that the sanctity of human life is regarded as an absolute value in that its application is in practice relative to specific circumstances for instance self-defense and war. There is a noticeable problem in the application of absolutism and relativism in that extreme absolutism may create difficulties in ethical practices while extreme relativism may make it impossible to have ethical debates.  Ã‚   In regards to absolutism, I have no reason of presuming that deontology entails absolutism. In my view, absolutism is right by claiming that ethics are not supposed to be relative in that I believe that rationality is important for every individual seeking prosperous and endurance regardless of the era or culture. I strongly agree with people who believe that emotional moral decision and p rinciples are important elements of practicing moral living standards. As Clarke (108) affirms, in reference to ethical theory, relativism is linked to consequentialism while absolutism is linked to deontology. As Kant affirmed, freedom is the inner worth of the world where he affirmed that the value of freedom can be realized by its constant use (Wiley 559). The fact that consequentialist theories may seem incapable of justifying freedom ponders the question whether deontological theories are equipped better. I am sure that a teleological account of freedom in accordance with actual practices of determining freedom can help in solving the puzzle.   In my thoughts, the main difficulty presented by the freedom theory is that at cogent, it is not only too narrow bus also too extreme.   In the past, teleology was interpreted to denote the purpose as well as the vague concept of some final causes. Thus, considering the fact that determinism is a thesis regarding some causal history of events, when we perceive it on a teleological account of free will, it is evident that agency is not importantly a casual notion and thus there is no room for obvious ways where determinism is made relevant. T he concept of final cause according to Chrisley and Begeer (377) is what led to the opposition of teleology to determinism. Some theories can be classified under both teleological and absolutist. For instance, virtue ethics that specifies the virtues that human ought to acquire through not only habit but also education to enjoy a happier lifestyle can be deemed as either absolutist and teleological. In my judgment, the theory is teleological owing to the fact that it relates to the rationales and ends of the actions. Similarly, one can perceive these rationales as absolute in that possessing moral characters such as being sympathetic and honest is always good (Harris 365). I also tend to agree with virtue ethicists who argue that human values are prone to changes and cultures often hold very different virtues. For instance, as Harris (365) reveals, the issue of how as well as the extent by which virtues are comparative to   different historical, social and cultural contexts is very important in the sense that if virtues are tied for practices, the issue of the exact practices engaged by a specific indiv idual has to be sorted out. Different cultures and people engage in different practices in different times, a phenomenon that reveals that the practices of different people reflect their stories in different parts. From the above analysis, it is evident that the application of ethics is not only a matter of practicing ethical principles in different situations, rather it is important for individuals to always be open to any possibilities presented by different theories and thus the reason as to why we should not apply ethical theories blindly while relying on the projected outcome. I have understood that ethical theories often functions as tools in the discovery of ethical aspects of different situations. For instance, the application of consequentialism theory can be good in exploring the cost of a particular action. It is also evident that theories are capable of suggesting specific reasons and arguments that have an important role in ethical decisions.